The Explanatory Gap: The Responses of Horgan and Papineau Essay

The Explanatory Gap: The Responses of Horgan and Papineau The what it is like to undergo an experience is essential to understanding that experience. Known by philosophers as subjective qualia, these characteristics are part of what makes a felt experience exactly that experience. If we introspect our own mental states, this seems apparent and incontrovertible. Most philosophers are unwilling to grant that subjective qualia are non-physical states, and attempts to face this problem and maintain physicalism must address arguments from qualia. While differing physical explanations for these subjective qualia exist, I will only briefly refer to them here as qualia will serve only as a means of leading the reader to the Explanatory Gap(1). The Explanatory Gap is a uniquely puzzling problem for physicalist philosophies of mind. The felt qualities of any experience, in addition to being essential to and inseparable from that very experience, are also perspectivally subjective. This means that the experiencer must be experiencing those felt qualities now or have felt them at some previous time and be recalling them to have a full concept of the phenomena. Perhaps this philosophical language will be more understandable with examples of what is really another readily apparent notion- Could a person know the awfulness of pain if she was born without the capacity to feel any pains? Could a person experience the specific joy of strawberries and Champagne without ever having had this exact experience? It would be difficult to deny that subjective qualia are perspectivally unique. One would face seemingly absurd possibilities such as feeling someone else's pains, and not having any subjective character to your own phenomenal experienc... ... from Kripke by Joseph Levine, "Materialism And Qualia: The Explanatory Gap," Pacific Philosophic Quarterly, Vol. 64, eds. Hartry Field, Barbara Herman, Brian Loar, Miles Morgan, 1983; p.359. 8 This paragraph and the next are a paraphrase of Terence Horgan, "Jackson On Physical Information And Qualia" Philosophical Quarterly, 34: (1984) 147-52. 9 David Papineau's position is taken from chapter 4 of his book Philosophical Naturalism, entitled "Consciousness and the Antipathetic Fallacy." I acquired this from the world wide web @ http://www.kcl.ac.uk/kis/schools/hums/philosophy/ch4.html, but it was published in print in 1993. 10 Ibid., this connection is made in a footnote by Papineau to Horgan on the eighth page of chapter 4 (I am afraid I don't know the printed version's page number). 11 Ibid., page 11 of chapter 4. 12 Ibid., page 18 of chapter 4.

English Is Important for Our Daily Life Essay

As we all know, English is the one of important language in this world. If we cannot speak English even a little bit, we are called as a very poor in this community. We also cannot improve our life if we worst in English. We will feel loser if we in the group that use English as a medium to speak. According to the research that have been made by the group of University Malay, 70% of undergraduate student especially Malay student are not use English as a medium to speak. It’s show that most of the student do not want to use English as a main language in their life. People always said that we must use our country language so that it indicate we love our country. The statement is not fault but we also must learn English for our future life such as to find a job, to communicate with foreigner, easy to understand if we find information through online and easy for student to survive in university life because most of the university in Malaysia use English as a medium to speak. One of the reason why we must learn English in our daily life is English is important to get a job. In this era, many people are jobless even though they have a degree. It is because they do not have a soft skill. Even though we got the best result in examination but we cannot speak in English, it is hard for us to find a job. Example is, if we want to work with a giant company such as Petronas, Sime Darby, Schlumberger and etc we need to face many process. One of the process is interview. Interview is one of the important process for us to face if we want to work with a giant company. Many giant company have a francais at the other country. So, they use international language that is English as a medium to communicate among the others. Therefore, they must do an interview in English to find an employee. If we have a soft skill like can speak fluently in English, the company will not hesitate to take us as one of their employee.

Life Is A Precious Thing Essay - 1165 Words

Life is a precious thing. For some, bringing life into this world is a calling, a deeply felt desire to have a child. Unfortunately, pregnancy can come with its own complications. When pregnancy begins to infringe on a women’s well-being, spiritually or physically, and there are perceived risks to the baby, bringing that life into the world brings more questions than answers. It no longer is a debate between the rights of the women and the rights of the fetus but brings deeper ethical issues into question. This essay will take a look at one such situation, how some core Christian worldview beliefs are relevant to the case, and how a Christian would resolve this issue; as well as look at both consequences and benefits of the resolution, and an alternative. Ethical Dilemma There was this woman named Susan. Even though she had found success in her career, she wanted more, to have a baby. After many years of trying, she was finally pregnant. During a checkup, the doctor identified that her baby has Down Syndrome. This diagnosis was not only a concern for the child but also a concern on how she would be able to maintain a healthy balance between her career and her family knowing how much additional attention the baby would need. Susan decided to seek guidance from a professor of evolutionary biology. Richard’s opinion was that human beings should increase happiness and decrease suffering. Bringing a child into the world with Down Syndrome would be immoral knowing that he or sheShow MoreRelatedLife Is A Precious Thing, Death Is The Great Evil898 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Life is a precious thing, death is the great evil†, said by Heinrich Heine who is a famous poet. So we can know that life is the most important thing for every single life entity. There are a lot of words that can modify life, such as important, precious, formidable and so on. The reason why there are so many good vocabulary can modify life is nobody want to lose their own life. It is clear that not only human, but also animals cherish their own life. According to the utterance which Heine saidRead MoreEssay about Precious Movie Review1310 Words   |  6 PagesPrecious Summary The film Precious directed by Lee Daniels is a solemn movie dealing with the unfortunate truths of everyday life for some individuals. The film staring Gabourey Sidibe who plays the main character Clarice â€Å"Precious† Jones along with co-stars Mariah Carey and Leni Kravitz is based in the Ghetto of Harlem in the year of 1987. Precious is a sixteen year-old illiterate morbidly obese teenager whom has grown up in the Ghetto of Harlem in a dysfunctional family. Her mother Mary verballyRead MorePrecious: A Case Study Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Precious: A Case Study Kristan Hughart Wilmington University Precious: A Case Study The move Precious (based on the novel â€Å"Push† written by Sapphire), depicts the life of a 16 year old girl named Claireece â€Å"Precious† Jones. The story is set in Harlem, NY in 1987. Precious has suffered severe abuse throughout her life by both of her parents. She has seemed to have slipped through the cracks of the system from family, the school system, child services, as wellRead MoreThe Third Stage Of Development987 Words   |  4 Pagesa child starts going to school and develops the ability to learn or develops doubt in one s ability to learn (McLeod, 2013). In the movie, Precious did not learn how to read or write and referred to herself as dumb, having a sense of inferiority about herself. The fifth stage, identify vs. role confusion from the age of 12 to 18 is the stage that Precious is in during the movie. During this stage, Erikson proposes that individuals learn a sense of self and individuality. If the adolescent is notRead MoreTheory of Neurosis from Karen Horney1721 Words   |  7 PagesThe following is an essay is based on the theory of neurosis from Karen Horney, and applied to the lead character of the movie Precious. Precious, the movie is based on the life and times of a character, Clarisse Precious Jones, who was raised in Harlem in the late 1980’s. She was raped by her father from an early age, which is revealed closer to the end of the movie, and ends up having two children from him; one of which is a â€Å"mongoloid†. Her relationship with her mother is also on rocky round andRead MoreThe, Better Know By Her Pen Name Sapphire1133 Words   |  5 PagesPush  tells the story of Claireece â€Å"Precious† Jones, an illiterate black s treet girl, sixteen years old and pregnant with her father’s second child. Lofton was the victim of childhood sexual assault. In 2010 she told the London Evening Standard that her father had molested her at age 8. Her mother abandoned their family five years later. Lofton experienced first hand what the consequences of child abuse caused to her family. The result was her story played by Precious. To give a general overview ofRead MoreThroughout The Movie Precious, There Are Several Times836 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the movie Precious, there are several times when the audience witnesses trauma and its effect on Precious’ life. These traumatizing events include sexual abuse, verbal abuse, physical abuse, and emotional abuse. When people go through these events, their mind will find ways to cope with their situation. These coping mechanisms are depersonalization, derealization, detachment, and dissociation. Depersonalization is defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5Read MoreTaking a look at the Movie Precious652 Words   |  3 PagesThe movie Precious is revolves heavily on the severe outcomes of life and how the sever sufferings that some suffer can really effect one’s mental status. The main character of the movie is Claireece Precious Jones, referred to as Precious, a 16-year-old girl who has lived through a life of abuses with her abusive mother Monique and step father Rodney; suffering at a very young age from both her parents. In the movie, Precious lives in a ghetto in Harlem New York surviving on welfare from anRead MorePrecious Psych1332 Words   |  6 Pagesthe parenting style of Precious’ mother? How did this parent style impact Precious in terms of her physical, cognitive, social and moral development? Provide very specific examples. Precious’ mother exhibit’s extremely authoritarian parenting style and some aspects of neglectful parenting. Her authoritarian parenting comes in the form of her need to always be in control and exerts that control on Precious. She always wants things to be done her way and does not give precious a chance to have a sayRead MoreThe Movie `` Precious ``966 Words   |  4 Pagesmovie; award winning good? Precious is one of the only movies that makes me feel that way no matter how many times I watch it. The movie Precious was actually a bestselling novel written by Ramona Lofton also known as Sapphire; in 1996; then directed into a movie by Lee Daniels in 2009. The movie takes place in Harlem, 1987 it is about an overweight, abused, illiterate teen who is pregnant with her second child whom is invited to an alternative school in hopes that her life can head in a different path

The Issue Of Human Trafficking - 1481 Words

Human trafficking is defined by the United Nations as the acquisition of people by improper means such as force, fraud or deception, with the aim of exploiting them. Unfortunately, human trafficking is a crime that occurs globally with many men, women, and children being forced to work as laborers and or sex workers. As is the case with many crimes, the statistics regarding human trafficking are sensationalized, making it seem as if it is more prevalent than it actually is. Many tag the Super Bowl as an event that draws large crowds of trafficked people. These reports, though widely believed by the general public, are grossly incorrect. The Super Bowl is estimated to bring in $500 million and 100,000 visitors to Phoenix, Arizona in 2016, according to the Arizona Super Bowl Host Committee, and with that, some say, will be a flood of prostitutes that are being trafficked into the host city. In a trafficking prevention meeting in January of 2011, Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott stated, â€Å"The Super Bowl is one of the biggest human trafficking events in the United States.† This comment sparked a frenzy amongst the media, who took his message and ran with it. Abbott is seen as a credible source on this material due to the fact that the Texas legislature created the Texas Human Trafficking Prevention Task Force and housed it under the office of the Attorney General. Since the task force was placed under Abbott’s span of control, his credibility shot up as the leader. However,Show MoreRelatedThe Issue of Human Trafficking1116 Words   |  5 Pagesis still a very prevalent issue today, under the name of human trafficking. Human traffickers are those who victimize others in their desire to profit from the existing demand. People of all ages, even children, are recruited and taken from all around the world and forced into acts such as prostitution, war, and extreme labor. Many people are not aware of these events occurring at all, and more awareness needs to be brought to this topic. Human trafficking exists for a few reasons. OneRead MoreThe Issue of Human Trafficking1512 Words   |  7 Pagesslavery† is the illegal trade of human beings for forced labor and exploitation; referring to using others for sexual exploitation, organ trafficking, and forced labor. This international crime is happening all around us and little to nothing is being done by governments. â€Å"Roughly two hundred thousand slaves are working here in America† (Madox). So the land of the free, well, it might not be so free after all. Coming in second after drug trafficking, â€Å"human trafficking generates about 35 billion dollarsRead MoreThe Issue Of Human Trafficking875 Words   |  4 Pageswide misconception among Americans that support the idea that human trafficking is something that only occurs overseas and not something that takes place in the United States. As a country that puts a huge value on freedom of choice, many U.S. citizens naively wish to believe that such an inhumane offense could never occur on our own free soil. Unfortunately, this notion is not true at all and domestic trafficking is an ongoing issue that needs to be addressed within our own borders. In additionRead MoreThe Issue Of Human Trafficking779 Words   |  4 Pages14. Human trafficking was not defined in international, regional, and national laws until the late 2000s in Article 3, paragraph (a) of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (Trafficking Protocol) , and the optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography (CRC Protocol) . 15. At the same token, RwandaRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is An Issue1348 Words   |  6 Pagesthat slavery is no longer existent, it still is very popular, and it’s human trafficking. Human trafficking is an issue everywhere, but it has always been a major issue in Bangladesh. Human trafficking is still an issue because it s still legal in some areas, and the government doesn t make an effort to help the young women and children who are as young as twelve in the trafficking business. The truth is, human trafficking is happening right in front of our faces, and in every country.These peopleRead MoreThe Issue Of Human Trafficking2654 Words   |  11 PagesAccording to the UNDOC, human trafficking is the acquisition of people by illegal means such as force, fraud, deception, abduction or coercion for the purpose of exploiting them. This vice is one of the main international policy concerns of the 21st century that is spreading at an alarming rate. Often, human trafficking is confused with human migration and smuggling even though the three terms are completely different. Unlike human trafficking, human migration and smuggling involves migration/transportationRead MoreThe Issue Of Human Trafficking Essay1836 Words   |  8 Pagescommunity, better known as human trafficking by society. Human trafficking is the illegal traffic of individuals for the purposes of sexual exploitation and commercial achievements. Individuals are misplaced and forced into slavery throughout the state. The targets of human trafficking are mostly women and children, some children are as young as 13 years old, and this act is called â€Å"child-trafficking†. This issue is not only of a safety matter but also of a public health issue. The victims are kept inRead MoreThe Issue Of Human Trafficking4049 Words   |  17 Pageshave been raised over the years in regards to the issue of human trafficking. Countless international groups such as charities have tried to increase pub lic awareness around the issue of trafficking of human beings and at the same time have encouraged governmental bodies to acknowledge this problem that its affecting people around the world and which has increased dramatically over the past years (Newburn, 2013,pp.430-431). The trafficking of human beings has reached a global level, with thousandsRead MoreThe Issue Of Human Trafficking2669 Words   |  11 Pages Human Trafficking Defining my topic human trafficking is when people are really slaved and by selling their body well being told to do it. My topic is a human rights issue because it is part of slavery. In spite of the fact that servitude is generally thought to be a relic of times gone by, human trafficking still exists today all through the United States and all inclusive when traffickers utilization power, misrepresentationRead MoreCombatting the Issue of Human Trafficking1294 Words   |  5 Pagesresolutions for combating the issue of human trafficking , both locally and nationally. I chose to investigate two existing social awareness campaigns located in Ohio. The reasons I decided to explore these two organizations is because of the obvious, that my classmates and I are in the state of Ohio but overall, it is due to the fact that this state ranks number five in the nation for human trafficking. There are explanations behind the ranking of Ohio for this issue. The first explanatio n

Economic Systems Socialism and Capitalism Essay - 1018 Words

I have observed that when Americans discuss the relative merits of socialism vs. capitalism, the chief debates that come up are †¢ What would happen if we remove the stimulus for innovation and productivity that a free market generates? This implies having a free market including individual ownership and control, and to varying degrees a laissez-faire government. †¢ Would it be possible to have a thriving society in which we would not have 20% of the population living in poverty and without adequate healthcare, housing or economic security? Fundamentally, we characterize and differentiate capitalism from socialism by the way they handle production (industry), distribution, and exchange (trade) of wealth and goods. In capitalism, capital†¦show more content†¦It was also at this time that monopolization became widespread. Eventually, incorporated entities became able to perform many of the actions of individuals such as being able buy and sell property, hold patents, sue and be sued, etc. (Peavler). The philosophy, such as proposed by Adam Smith, came to be that an economy has a natural design. Left to its own devices -- and removed from politics, religion and all other pursuits -- it will regulate itself as long as no one throws a spoke in the wheel and everyone benefits. The governments only real role in capitalism became to maintain peace and order so the economy can work without interruption (Newman). In its purest sense, a socialist economy communally controls the production, distribution and exchange of resources. This community control is implemented by the state through a central government acting on behalf of the citizens. The roots of socialism lie in Thomas Moore’s idea of a utopian society. During the 18th and 19th centuries the industrial revolution and concomitant urbanization, resulted in increasing concentration of wealth and power (Hoyt). Many feared that the freedom to engage in capital mercantilism had the natural consequence ofShow MoreRelatedEconomic Systems, Capitalism And Socialism1829 Words   |  8 PagesEconomic Systems People can use economic systems to build empires and destroy civilizations. The society s featured in the books 1984 by George Orwell and Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury did just that. Both took advantage of some form of an economic system to achieve their respective goals. Whether it be the command economy of Oceania, or the overly consumerist economy of the dystopian United States, they both employed economics to their benefit. Economics is the science of scarcity. Scarcity isRead MoreEconomic Systems: Capitalism, Communism and Socialism814 Words   |  3 PagesEconomic Systems 04/22/2014 Throughout history, nations or regions have supported different economic systems. Economic systems control the political economy, markets, consumer and public economics, national income, natural resources and other aspects. The economic systems lead the country towards its flourished and depraved situations. The systems also provide the type of business and government imposed on the societies and the country. Some of the economic systems are capitalism, communismRead MoreComparing Capitalism and Socialism730 Words   |  3 Pagesdominant economic systems we have in the world today are socialism and capitalism. In this text, I will in addition to comparing and contrasting socialism and capitalism also discuss the shortcomings of these two economic systems. Further, amongst other things, I will highlight the overlaps between the two. Capitalism vs. Socialism In seeking to highlight the key differences between socialism and capitalism, it would be prudent to first offer a concise definition of the two terms. Capitalism in theRead MoreEconomics Is The Science Of Scarcity1728 Words   |  7 PagesEconomics is the science of scarcity. Scarcity is when you have a population with unlimited wants coupled with limited resources. Essentially, economics deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The societies in the books 1984 and Fahrenheit 451 both take advantage of some form of an economic system, whether it be the command economy of Oceania, or the overly consumerist economy of the dystopian United States. An economic system is how a society deals with theseRead MoreSocialism And The Second Is Capitalism922 Words   |  4 Pages There are to forms of economic systems that will be explained in the paper. Both of the topics will be about the origins of each form of economic system, what each hopes to achieve, and the pros and cons. The first is going to talk about socialism and the second is capitalism. Socialism is a government run by the public rather than by private individuals. Thus, in a socialistic country, the common public owns the factors of production and makes economic decisions. Therefore individuals do not workRead MoreEssay The Efficiency of Economic Systems959 Words   |  4 Pagesthe differences between capitalism and socialism have led to contradictions in several countries on how to run the country economically, socially, and politically. Between these two economic systems, people usually debate about the role of the government and economic equality. Although, capitalism and socialism have similar characteristics, the differences between capitalism and socialism make capitalism a better way of life. Most importantly, both socialism and capitalism have established effectiveRead MoreCapitalism Vs. Socialism : The Transitional Period Between Capitalism And Communism1330 Words   |  6 PagesCapitalism versus Socialism In the theories developed by Karl Marx, socialism is considered the transitional period between capitalism and communism. For a long time, capitalism versus socialism has been argued and debated. Socialism is an economic system in which goods and services are provided through a central system of government and aims to make everyone equal. They have different forms of socialism that have different beliefs. Some of the biggest disadvantages of socialism are that it reliesRead MoreCommunism, Capitalism, and Socialism Essay652 Words   |  3 PagesThree different types of economic systems used by governments are Communism, Capitalism, and Socialism. Each type of system is unique in different ways. Each has distinct aspects that make it what it is. In communism, the government runs everything and there are no social classes. The government in capitalism doesn’t interfere with any businesses and lets the citizens own and operate them. Socialism is basically a mixture of the tw o economic systems. The government runs certain businesses,Read MoreCapitalism And The United States1549 Words   |  7 PagesCapitalism first originated in Western Europe when merchants would take their products and sell them to the public. From here, capitalism spread to the United States through colonization and over time, assisted in the enhancement of the United States’ economy. When other countries, like the UK and France, had seen this success, they also wanted their economy to be structured similarly to the United States’. For the sake of having a fixed definition of capitalism, it can be defined as an economicRead MoreSocialism And The Economic System1373 Words   |  6 PagesSocialism serves to satisfy many philosophical questions therefore making it an ideal position in the economic justice debate. In looking into this position we find satisfaction in the answers it affords us. Socialism fulfills the innate responsibility of the government to care for its people. Moreover, aside from fulfilling this responsibility, socialism is the economic system that delivers the highest benefit as applied to the whole. The importance of these answers is that the primary question

The Innocence of the Paxton Boys Essay Example For Students

The Innocence of the Paxton Boys Essay I am here today to prove to you that Lazarus Stewart and Matthew Smith are not guilty of the murder of Conestoga Indians. While both men agree that they did kill the Conestogas, what they did is justified by the aggressive behavior shown by the Indians. I will now present evidence to prove this conclusion. My first piece of evidence is from a speech made by Little Abraham, a Mohawk sachem, to colonial Pennsylvania officials and Indian Leaders:â€Å"You made Plantations there and spoiled their hunting grounds, they French-allied Delawares then complained to us and we found their complaints to be true. Our advice to you is, that you send for the Senecas and Delawares, treat them kindly.†(Mombert 172-174)From this quote, one can clearly see the fellowship amongst the Indian Tribes. Not only does Little Abraham advise the Colonials to cease settling, but also he has checked up on our doings. As I go over the next few pieces of evidence, I want you to keep in mind this fellowship. From the â€Å"Narrative of Matthew Smith†:‘ I cautiously crawled where I could get a view; I saw Indians armed; they were strangers; they outnumbered us by the dozens. The moment we were perceived, an Indian fired at us and rushed forward . For no murder of our defenseless sic inhabitants has since happened† (Mombert 187-188)This is eyewitness testimony stating that Captain Smith seen armed and foreign Indians in a substantial number. Now, why would there be armed Indians in a peaceful Indian village? Obviously, the Indians are not peaceful. This answer is also backed up by what happened right before the village was razed; as soon as the Indians seen a white man perceiving the activity in the Village, the Indians attacked, unprovoked. As for the final sentence in the quote, we can see that with no safe house with which to operate out of, the Indian attacks ceased. From Lt. Governor Robert Morris’s Proclamation of War:â€Å" I do hereby declare the said Delaware Indians and all others who, in conjunction with them, have committed hostilities against his Majesty’s subjects within this Province, to be enemies, rebels and traitors ; and I do hereby require all his Majesty’s subjects of this Province to embrace all opportunities of pursuing, taking, killing and destroying the said Delaware Indians and all others confederated with them .† (Mombert 166-168)I call this piece of evidence to show direct orders for His Majesty’s subjects to kill, maim, or otherwise destroy Delaware Indians and those who help them. If these orders were followed during the first attack on the Conestoga’s village, there would have never been a second attack. However, the Captains were not sure at the time if the unknown Indians were indeed Delaware allied. Next, I call Mr. Felix Donnelly to the stand. Me: Mr. Donnelly, what is your profession?Mr. Donnelly: Call me Felix, please. I am the keeper of the Lancaster Jail. Me: Did you witness the so-called slaughter that took place there on the 27 of December?Me: Did the Indians attack the rioters with the billets of wood that they seized? Me: Thank you Felix, there will be no more questions. As you can see, gentlemen of the jury, it was the Indians, once again, who attacked first. Regardless of the good Captains intentions upon entering the jail, he was forced to take up arms in self-defense. Now I know what everyone is thinking, what about the two three year-old Indians. On the surface, their deaths seem brutal indeed. However, one must realize that things such as this do happen. When a full-blown melee breaks out in a small place with vision obscured by gun smoke, it is sometimes difficult to identify your target. The Paxton Boys are very lucky that one of their own wasn’t killed in this chaotic fight. .uea6f65e9e888f2b64cdfb9a4eeea2430 , .uea6f65e9e888f2b64cdfb9a4eeea2430 .postImageUrl , .uea6f65e9e888f2b64cdfb9a4eeea2430 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uea6f65e9e888f2b64cdfb9a4eeea2430 , .uea6f65e9e888f2b64cdfb9a4eeea2430:hover , .uea6f65e9e888f2b64cdfb9a4eeea2430:visited , .uea6f65e9e888f2b64cdfb9a4eeea2430:active { border:0!important; } .uea6f65e9e888f2b64cdfb9a4eeea2430 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uea6f65e9e888f2b64cdfb9a4eeea2430 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uea6f65e9e888f2b64cdfb9a4eeea2430:active , .uea6f65e9e888f2b64cdfb9a4eeea2430:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uea6f65e9e888f2b64cdfb9a4eeea2430 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uea6f65e9e888f2b64cdfb9a4eeea2430 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uea6f65e9e888f2b64cdfb9a4eeea2430 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uea6f65e9e888f2b64cdfb9a4eeea2430 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uea6f65e9e888f2b64cdfb9a4eeea2430:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uea6f65e9e888f2b64cdfb9a4eeea2430 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uea6f65e9e888f2b64cdfb9a4eeea2430 .uea6f65e9e888f2b64cdfb9a4eeea2430-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uea6f65e9e888f2b64cdfb9a4eeea2430:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sammy EssayAnd speaking of brutality, the Paxton Boys are nothing compared to the Indians. A prime example comes from a biographical sketch of Lazarus Stewart in Stewart Pearce’s Annals of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania: â€Å"The head of a girl was severed from her body, and raised on a pole . This lady was Captain Stewart’s intended bride † (Pearce 101). Now ask yourself, â€Å"Out of the whole family, why was this girl singled out to be beheaded and here decapitated head placed on a pole?† Obviously, the Conestogas either provided the information of who the Captain of the Paxton Boys was engaged to or did this horrific deed themselves. All in all, the Conestogas should not have collaborated with the enemy. Little Abraham’s speech showed us that the various Indian tribes do have connections with each other. I have an eyewitness account from Captain Smith stating that he saw the armed Indians in the Conestoga village; and I am sure that the Captain was not the only one to see this. Lt. Governor Robert Morris’s Proclamation of War clearly states what is to be done to those who collaborate with the enemy. The Paxton Boys mere carried out the orders contained in the Proclamation of War. Hence, in the eyes of this man, I will forever be indebted to them for their brave service of justice to his Majesty. Bibliography:Works CitedMombert, Jacob Isador. An Authentic History of Lancaster County in the State of Pennsylvania. Lancaster, PA: Barr, 1869Pearce, Stewart. Annals of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. Second ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1869Rupp, Daniel I. History of Lancaster and York Counties. Lancaster, PA: Hills, 1829

The Italian Rennaisance Essays - Architecture, Visual Arts

The Italian Rennaisance The Rennaisance The fluorishing of arts and sciences literally rebirth, the period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages, conventionally held to have been characterized by a surge of interest in classical learning and values. The Renaissance also witnessed the discovery and exploration of new continents, the substitution of the Copernican for the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, the decline of the feudal system and the growth of commerce, and the invention or application of such potentially powerful innovations as paper, printing, the mariner's compass, and gunpowder. To the scholars and thinkers of the day, however, it was primarily a time of the revival of classical learning and wisdom after a long period of cultural decline and stagnation. The Renaissance as a unified historical period ended in 1527 because of strains between Christian faith and classical humanism... It was in art that the spirit of the Renaissance achieved its sharpest formulation. Art came to be seen as a branch of knowledge, valuable in its own right and capable of providing man with images of God and his creations as well as with insights into man's position in the universe. In the hands of men like Leonardo da Vinci it was even a science, a means for exploring nature and a record of discoveries. Art was to be based on the observation of the visible world and practiced according to mathematical principles of balance, harmony, and perspective, which were developed at this time. In the works of painters such as Masaccio, the brothers Lorenzetti, Fra Angelico, Botticelli, Perugino, Piero della Francesca, Raphael, and Titian; sculptors such as Pisano, Donatello, Verrocchio, Ghiberti, and Michelangelo; and architects such as Alberti, Brunelleschi, Palladio, Michelozzo, and Filarete, the dignity of man found expression in the arts. [Renaissance art] encouraged a revival of naturalism, seen in Italian 15th-century painting and sculpture, and of classical forms and ornament in architecture, such as the column and round arch, the tunnel vault, and the dome. Ornamental gardens exemplified by the Italian Villa Transformation of the small courtyard garden into an area of magnificent splendor. Typical components of an Itallian Villa indigenous evergreen shrubs and trees stone walls and buildings sculpture and water features Supreme blend of architecture and the landscape: the merger of geometric form with natural setting -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Beyond the Renaissance The Renaissance, with its expanding economic activity, increase in wealth by more people led to a renewed interest in horticultural activities, such as gardening, as a form of creative display and not just for utilitarian purposes. The resurgence in recreational gardening coincided with increased interest in the plants themselves. This led to the initiation of modern botanical science. An important contributor to knowledge of and interest in plants was Carolus Clusius (Charles de l'Ecluse) who introduced the tulip and other bulbous plants to Holland. From these beginnings, The Netherlands has become now a premier producer and exporter of horticultural products. As interest in plants grew, both from a botanical and horticultural perspective, exploreres throughtout the known world sent new and interesting plants to Botanical Gardens in Padua, Italy; Oxford and Kew, England; Edinburgh, Scotland; and Leiden, Holland. These gardens became great centers of scientific learning and as well as of horticultural practice. These explorers represent a major movement that grew out of the Renaissance and that transformed Western Europe and the world: The Age of Discovery. Many new plants in Europe came from the New World; some, such as Virginia creeper, goldenrod, Sweetgum, Staghorn Sumac, and flowering Dogwood came from the American Colonies. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Return to the Chronology of Horticulture Arts Essays